A lot of people want to know how to identify the genes present in their DNA and how their genetics might play a role in their health. Many people find themselves at a loss trying to find out what is going on. It can be rather easy to get overwhelmed when you're trying to take a deeper look into your genes. What follows is an overview of some ways that one might approach the question from different perspectives from geneticists, medical experts, and laypeople alike. All of these methods are based on genetics, so if you're not familiar with the basics, it might be helpful to consult a basic biology textbook for more detail. Mayo Clinic is one of the largest medical organizations in the world that provides many forms of health care. It also has an extensive web site that covers genetics, disease, genetics and disease in animals, and other specific topics. They have a page called " Genetics 101 " that explains some basic information on what genes are all about. One key point is this: genes are made up of DNA sequences made up of small segments of genetic code called nucleotides . Genetic code is a language of nucleotides. The code on which your genes are written is called the genome , and "a genome is a portion or repository of genetic information residing in a cell, organ, or organism" (Mayo Clinic). What makes up the genome of an organism? Genes make up a large part of the DNA, but they're not the only thing that exists. In fact, most DNA doesn't actually encode for genes at all. Most parts of DNA are used to form other parts that itself do not include genes. DNA sequences commonly found in these regions are called non-coding sequences . Non-coding sequences do play a role in living things, however. Some non-coding sequences are transcribed (made into RNA) and others are translated (made into proteins). It is generally thought that most non-coding sequences are transcribed on their own, but some of these transcription units may be the result of genes on other chromosomes. For more, see Genetics 101 : Non-Coding Sequences on the Mayo Clinic website. Genes vs Alleles is an analysis of DNA sequence variation in humans . It illustrates the relationship between DNA sequence and genetics. As expected, it shows that genetic variability always occurs along chromosomes, while some regions contain no variation at all . This analysis also provides some terminology to help understand the nature of how genes work in an organism. The article states that a gene exists on a chromosome. More specifically, the physical location of a gene is called a locus . It can be more specific by saying a gene is located at a particular place on the chromosome called the locus . The picture below also shows that two alleles for one gene can exist. The same article mentions that each allele of each gene has its own set of nucleotides. A nucleotide polymorphism (often abbreviated as SNP) is a single variation of one nucleotide between two alleles of the same gene. This means that two different versions of genes can have different nucleotides in some parts, while all other parts remain identical.
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